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Laboratory Reports	General Information	Definitions	Conversions	Laboratory One	Laboratory Two
Laboratory Three	Laboratory Four	Laboratory Five	Laboratory Six	Laboratory Seven	Laboratory Eight
Laboratory Nine	Laboratory Ten	Laboratory Eleven	Laboratory Tweleve	Laboratory Thirteen	Laboratory Fourteen

General Items

1. Since all laboratries are participatory, you are expected to dress for the activity.

2. You are expected to be on time.

3. You are expected to read the laboratory before coming to class.

4. You are expected to have completed any preliminary reading etc. before coming to the class.

5. You are expected to help others, if need be, with the laboratory.

6. You are expected to ready to learn.

Laboratory Report

1. Laboratory reports are due -- via email -- 48 hours after the completion of the laboratroy.

 

2. The format for the laboratory reports are as follows:

A. All laboratory reports will be sent via email to "jarichar@sundance.usd.edu"

B. In the "subject" section of the email header, the name and number of the laboratory must be stated.

C. State the name and number of the laboratory.

D. State the purpose of the laboratory.

E. State the equipment used in the laboratory.

F. State the procedures used in the laboratory.

G. Describe the subjects in laboratory.

H. State the results of the laboratory.

I. Discuss the results of the laboratory.

DEFINITION OF ABBREVIATION

The following are some of the Abbreviations that you will need to be successful in laboratories and laboratory report preparation.

Abbreviation	Definition		Abbreviation	Definition
A	age in years		Aw	adipose weight
Bep 90û	bench press at 90û		Bl	board length
Bps&d	blood pressure - both systolic & diastolic in millimeters of mercury (mmHg)		Bpd	blood pressure - diastolic in mmHg
Bps	blood pressure - systolic in mmHg		Bwlb	board weight in pounds
BwKg	board weight in kilograms		cc	cubic centimeters
Cg	center of gravity		cm(s)	centimeters
Cv .05/ nth df	critical value at the .05 level with nth degrees of freedom		D	density
Dfcm	dynamic flexibility in centimeters		Dfin	dynamic flexibility in inches
df	degrees of freedom		Di	distance
EBpsd	exercise blood pressure - systolic & diastolic in mmHg		EBpd	exercise blood pressure - diastolic in mmHg
EBps	exercise blood pressure - systolic in mmHg		Ehr	exercise heart rate in beats per minute (b/min)
Erv	expiratory reserve volume		Fp	frontal plane
Fc	Functional		ft-lb	foot-pounds
G	group		Gb	gravity board
Hr	heart rate in beats per minute		HCg	horizontal center of gravity
Htcm	height in centimeters		Htin(s)	height in inches
Ic	inspirational capacity		IIc	iliac crest
in(s)	inch(es)		Irv	Inspirational reserve volume
Kg	kilogram(s)		Kph	kilometer per hour
Kpm	kilo-pond meter minutes		lb	pound(s)
Lc	leg curls		LCg	lateral center of gravity
Le	leg extension		Lmm	lean muscle mass
m/min	meters per minute		Max	maximum, highest, or greatest number
Max Vo2	Oxygen Uptake		Mb	mid-biceps
Mets	mets		Min	minimum or lowest number
ml	milliliters		mph	miles per hour
Mq	mid-quadricep		Mt	mid-triceps
n	number		n1	number of subjects in the first group
n2	number of subjects in the second group		O2	oxygen
Oa	Oblique abdominal		Po	pectoralis oblique
Pvc	predicted vital capacity		R	range
Rbpd	resting blood pressure - diastolic in mmHg		Rbps	resting blood pressure - systolic in mmHg
Rbpds	resting blood pressure - systolic & diastolic in mmHg		Rhr	resting heart rate in b/min
Rt	right		Rv	residual volume
S(s)	subject(s)		sec(s)	second(s)
n	subject number		Ss	sub-scapular
su	supine - lying on her/is back		t	time
ti	triceps		Tlc	total lung capacity
TSA	total surface area		Tv	tidal volume
Vc	vital capacity		VCg	vertical center of gravity
Vo2	oxygen uptake		Vo2 ml/min-1/kg	Oxygen uptake in millimeters per minute per kilogram
Wtlb	weight in pounds		WtKg	weight in kilograms
Wwlb	water weight in pounds		WwKg	water weight in kilograms

CONVERSIONS

Item equals	Item
1 in	2.5 cms.
1 lb	0.456176 Kgs
1 Kg	2.2045 lbs.
2.54 centimeters (cm)	1 in
1 Kilocalories per minute (K/cal/min)	69.767 watts
1 horsepower (Hp)	745.7 watts
1 Hp	5500 ft.lbs.
1 joule (J)	0.73756 ft. lbs.
1 liter (L) of oxygen (O2) per minute	350(kpm/min) or 5 kcals
1 l	1000 milliliters (ml)
1 l o2 min.	58.2 watts
1 ml	0.0582 watts
1 watt	.0023174 kpm
1 ft3H2o	62 lbs. (fresh water) or 64 lbs. (salt water)

Laboratory One

 

References.

Croxton, F. E. (1959). Elementary statistics with application in medicine and the biological sciences. New York, NY: Dover.

Larson, H. D. (1948) Rinehart mathematicla tables, fromulas and curves. Chicago, IL: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

 

PURPOSE: The purpose of this laboratory is to manipulate the following data.

 

EQUIPMENT: The equipment needed to conduct this laboratory is a calculator, or data management package for a computer.

 

DATA

Subject Number	gender	Age (yrs)	Htins.	Wtlbs.
1	Female	19	70	120
2	Female	18	84	210
3	Female	17	66	360
4	Male	20	55	110
5	Female	20	72	135
6	Female	18	67	155
7	Male	19	71	190
8	Male	21	80	180
9	Female	25	63	200
10	Female	17	71	250

 

Activity:

Determine the Number (n), sum (S), range (R), & mean (µ) of the males (M), & females (V)s all areas, & determine the significance of the differences.

 

*Note: Round the data to the nearest two decimal places.

Laboratory Two

Determination of the total surface area (TSA) of a Human.

Reference:

Katch, F. I. (1987). Nutrition, weight control and exercise. New York, NY: Houghto n Mifflin Co.

 

PURPOSE: The purpose of this laboratory is to determine the total surface area (TSF) of humans using Height (Ht) & Weight (Wt).

 

EQUIPMENT: The equipment needed to conduct this laboratory is a scale with a height measurement capacity.

 

PROCEDURE:

A. Determine the scale weight (Swt) of the subject (S) in pounds (lbs.)

B. Determine the Ht of the S in ins.

C. Convert the Swt to kilograms (Kgs).

D. Convert the Ht to centameters (cms).

 

ACTIVITY:

A. Using the data collected, demonstrate the n, S, R, & µ of the M, & V in all areas, & determine the significance of the differences.

B. Discuss the difference between all groups in all areas.

Laboratory Three

Determination of Blood Pressure & Heart Rate in various Postural Positions.

Reference:

(1976). Vital sign module II: blood pressure.Washington, DC: American Red Cross.

 

PURPOSE: The purpose of this laboratory is to determine heart rate & blood pressure changes in relation to various body positions & exercise level.

 

EQUIPMENT: The equipment needed for this laboratory is a calculator, a watch that measures seconds, a sphygmomanometer, stethoscope, & cuff.

 

BODY POSITIONS:

A. Vertical anatomical position.

B. Horizontal anatomical position.

C. Seated in a chair, with both arms flexed at the elbow, & medially rotated.

 

STRESS: Perform 10 un-modified push-ups.

 

PROCEDURES:

A. Locate the carotid & radial arteries bi-laterally: Determine, with a 15 secs count, Rhr in 1 through 3 body positions.

B. Locate the brachial artery bi-laterally: Determine bi-lateral Rbp in 1 through 3 body positions.

C. Sequence of activities:

1. Perform 10 un-modified push-ups.

2. Determine 5 secs post-exercise Ehr, & Bp in body position 2.

3. Determine 25 secs post-exercise Ehr, & Bp in body position 1.

4. Determine 40 secs post-exercise Ehr, & Bp in body position 3.

5. Determine 5 mins post-exercise Ehr, & Bp.

 

ACTIVITY:

A. Using the data collected, determine the n, S, R, & µ of the M, & V in all areas, & the significance of the differences between the M, & V in all areas.

B. Discuss the difference between all groups in all areas.

Laboratory Four

Center of Gravity

Reference:

Barham, J. N. (1979). Mechanical Kinesiology. New York, NY: Mosby.

 

PURPOSE: The purpose of this laboratory is to determine the center of gravity (Cg) of the human body in three planes - frontal, sagittal, & transverse.

 

EQUIPMENT: The equipment needed is a balance scale, & gravity board.

 

PROCEDURES:

A. Determine the Swt of the S.

B. Assemble the equipment in the following order:

1. Located the center of the balance platform on the scale.

2. Center the knife edge of one end of the gravity board (Gb) on the platform center.

3. Level the Gb with blocks under the distal end of the Gb

4. Determine the Wt. of the board on the scale.

5. Record the Wt. of the Gb.

C. Frontal plane (Fp).

1. Instruct the S to lie supine (Sup) with the mid-line of the body on the center of the Gb, the palms of the hand touching her/is hips, elbows extended, knees extended, ankles in the anatomical position.

2. The soles of the feet must be even with the distal end of the board, & parallel with the knife edge.

3. Determine the Wt. of the S on the board.

4. Record the Wt. of the S on the Board.

D. Sagittal plane.

1. Instruct the S to standard with arches of the feet on the lateral mid-line of the board with the ankles together, & the point at which the tarsus bones meet over the medial mid-line of the board.

2. Instruct the S to stand erect with the palms of the hands at her/his side.

3. Determine the Wt. of the S on the board.

4. Record the wt. of the S on the Board.

E. Lateral plane.

1. Instruct the S to stand with the arches of the feet in the medial mid-line of the board with the ankles together, & the point at which the tarsus bones meet over the lateral mid-line of the board.

2. Instruct the S to stand erect with the palms of the hands at her/is side.

3. Determine the Wt. of the S on the board.

4. Record the Wt. of the S on the board.

 

ACTIVITY:

A. Using the data collected, determine the center of gravity of the Ss.

B. Develop a matrix that demonstrates the n, S, R, & µ of the M, & V in centers of gravity.

C. Determine the significance of the difference between the is, & ks in centers of gravity.

Laboratory Five

Determination of the Percent of Adipose Tissue & Determination of Adipose Weight & Lean Muscle Mass.

References:

Cooper, K. (1985). Aerobic center physical fitness specialist course. Dallas, TX: Cooper Clinic.

Durnin, J. V.G. A. (1967). The assessment of the amount of fat in the human body from measurements of skin fold thickness. British Journal of Nutrition, 21:681-9.

Durnin, J. V.G. A. (1974). Body fat assessment from total body density and its estimation from skin fold thickness measurements of 481 men and women aged from 16-72 years. British Journal of Nutrition, 32:77-92.

Jackson, A. S. & Pollock, M. L. (1980). Generalized equations for predicting body density for women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 12: 175.

Jackson, A. S. & Pllock, M. L. (1980). Steps toward the development of generalized equationas for predicting boyd composition of adults. Canadian Journal of Sports Scince. 7: 189.

 

 

 

PURPOSE: The purpose of this laboratory is to determine the %AT of females, & males via skinfold techniques using two prediction equations.

 

EQUIPMENT: Skindex skin fold calipers, & a scale.

 

PROCEDURES:

A. Determine the Swt of the Ss.

B. Locate the:

1. Ic - superior horizontal lateral line of he hip.

2. Mt - posteriorly half way between the shoulder & elbow, with the elbow flexed at 90û, & the upper arm pressed to the lateral thorax, & the hand flexed to form a fist.

3. Mb - anteriorly half way between the shoulder & elbow, with the elbow flexed at 90û, & the upper arm pressed to the lateral thorax, & the hand flexed to form a fist.

4. Ss - inferior point of the scapular.

5. Mq - anteriorly half way between the hip & knee with the knee flexed at 165û to 170û.

6. Oa - half way between umbilicus & anterior point of the ilium.

7. Po - half way between the nipple & the acromioclavicular articulation.

C. Measure the skin fold thickness on the female & male subjects at all five locations on the right side of the body.

 

ACTIVITY:

A. Using the data collected, determine the %AT for all of the Ss, the is, & ks.

B. Develop a matrix that demonstrates the n, S, R, & µ of the M, & V in all areas.

C. Determine the significance of the difference between the is, & ks in all areas.

Laboratory Six

Determination of Percent of Body Fatness via Buoyancy & Displacement

Reference;

Weast, R. C. (1985). CRC handbook of chemistry and physics. Ft. Lauderdale, FL:CRC Publishers.

 

PURPOSE: The purpose of this laboratory is to determine the %Bf using Bu & Dis.

 

EQUIPMENT: The equipment needed for this laboratory is a calculator, a whirlpool, & a meter stick.

 

PROCEDURE:

A. Determine the area of the whirlpool.

B. Determine Aw of each subject.

C. Fill the whirlpool.

D. Stand a yardstick in the pool.

E. Read the Hti of the water.

F. Instruct the S to enter the whirlpool, & sit down so that the water is at the fifth cervical vertebra.

G. Determine the depth of the water with the S.

H. Instruct the S to leave the whirlpool.

I. Calculate the change in depth of the water in the whirlpool.

J. Calculate the volume f water displaced by the S.

K. Calculate the weight of the H2o displaced by the S.

 

ACTIVITY:

A. Using the data collected, determine the %AT for all of the Ss, the is, & ks.

B. Develop a matrix that demonstrates the n, S, R, & µ of the M, & V in all areas.

C. Determine the significance of the difference between the is, & ks in all areas.

Laboratory Seven

Dynamic & Static Flexibility

Reference:

Katch, F. I. (1987). Nutrition, weight control and exercise. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin.

Wells, K. F. & Dillon, E. K. (1952, March). The sit-and-reach - - A test of back and leg flexibility. The Research Quarterly. 23: 115-8.

 

PURPOSE: The purpose of this laboratory is to determine the dynamic (Df), & Static (Sf) flexibility of humans.

 

EQUIPMENT:

The equipment needed to conduct this laboratory is:

For dynamic flexibility is a yard stick.

For static flexibility is a sit-and-reach box.

 

PROCEDURE FOR DYNAMIC FLEXIBILITY:

A. Attach the yard stick to the wall at shoulder Ht.

B. Instruct the S to stand with her/is left arm abducted perpendicular to the wall.

C. Instruct the S to adduct her/is left arm inferiorly.

D. Instruct the S to place her/is ankles together.

E. Block the Rt. foot so the feet do not slide.

F. Instruct the S to adduct her/is right arm.

G. Instruct the S to turn posteriorly as far as possible.

H. Read the point on the yard stick.

 

PROCEDURES FOR STATIC FLEXIBILITY:

A. Instruct the S to sit on the floor, knees extended, bent at 90û a the waist, & the feet flat against the side of the box.

B. Instruct the S to place her/is hands, palm to back - right hand inferior.

C. Instruct the S to reach down the box with the command "reach".

D. Instruct the S to sit back with the command "sit back" or "relax".

E. Repeat C & D three times.

F. Record the results.

 

ACTIVITY:

A. Using the data collected, determine the dynamic flexibility of the Ss.

B. Develop a matrix that demonstrates the n, S, R, & µ of the M, & V in dynamic flexibility.

C. Determine the significance of the difference between the is, & ks n dynamic flexibility.

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Laboratory Eight

Lung capacity & volumes

Reference:

Guyton, A. C. (1976). Textbook o fmedical physiology. New York: Saunders.

 

PURPOSE: The purpose of this laboratory is to determine the lung capacities - inspiratory, functional residual, & vital - , & volumes - expiratory reserve, inspiratory reserve, residual, & tidal.

 

EQUIPMENT: The equipment needed for this laboratory is a calculator & a ruler.

 

PROCEDURE:

A. Determine the Hti of the S.

B. Zero the dial on the spirometer, & attach a clean mouth piece.

C. Using the Proper spirometer, the S will take a normal breath, & exhale through the spirometer normally, while holding her/is nose.

D. Read & record the number of cc. indicated ont he dial.

E. Zero the dial on the spirometer, & attach another clean mouth piece.

F. Repeat #s 3 & 4 using maximal breath.

G. Repeat #5

H. Repeat #2 through 7 twice.

I. Determine the predicted capacities & volumes listed in the purpose for the Ss

J. Determine the normal & maximal capacities & volumes listed in the purpose for the Ss.

 

ACTIVITY:

A. Using the data collected, determine the dynamic flexibility of the Ss.

B. Develop a matrix that demonstrates the n, S, R, & µ of the M, & V in dynamic flexibility.

C. Determine the significance of the difference between the i, & ks in dynamic flexibility.

Laboratory Nine

Strength using the Universal Gym

Reference:

Richardson, J. A. (1997). Weight training manual. The University of South Dakota: Vermillion, SD.

 

PURPOSE: The purpose of this sequence of laboratories is to determine the self perceived strength of the shoulder girdle & the knee in females & males.

 

EQUIPMENT: The equipment needed to conduct these laboratories is a Universal Gym & a Goniometer.

NOTE: The muscles to be evaluated are the triceps, pectoralis major & pectoralis minor.

 

Shoulder girdle at 30û.

PROCEDURE:

A. Instruct the S to lie supine on the bench with her/his shoulders under the handles of the machine, & feet flat on the bench. Ý

B. Instruct the S to flex her/is elbows to approximately 30û - measure the flexion with the goniometer, & adjust the flexion.

C. Adjust the height of the handle to accommodate the 30û elbow flexion.

D. Adjust the holding in to the level s/he feels that they can press one time.

E. Station two spotters - one on either side of the handle - to provide safety for the S.

F. Instruct the S as s/he is pressing the weight, to exhale, & as s/he returns the weight to the starting point, to inhale. This will avoid the Volsalta condition.

G. Instruct the S to press upward once.

H. If the S moves the weight easily, & wants to try additional weight, repeat D, E, F, & G.

I. Record the data.

 

Shoulder girdle at 90û.

PROCEDURE:

A. Instruct the S to lie supine on the bench with her/his shoulders under the handles of the machine, & feet flat on the bench.Ý

B. Instruct the S to flex her/his elbows to approximately 90û - measure the flexion with the goniometer, & adjust the flexion.

C. Adjust the height of the handle to accommodate the 90û elbow flexion.

D. Adjust the holding in to the level s/he feels that they can press one time.

E. Station two spotters - one on either side of the handle - to provide safety for the S.

F. Instruct the S as s/he is pressing the weight, to exhale, & as s/he returns the weight to the starting point, to inhale. This will avoid the Volsalta condition.

G. Instruct the S to press upward once.

H. If the S moves the weight easily, & wants to try additional weight, repeat D, E, F, & G.

I. Record the data.

 

Shoulder girdle at 165û.

PROCEDURE:

A. Instruct the S to lie supine on the bench with her/his shoulders under the handles of the machine, & feet flat on the bench. Ý

B. Instruct the S to flex her/his elbows to approximately 165û - measured with the goniometer, & adjust the flexion.

C. Adjust the height of the handle to accommodate the 165û elbow flexion.

D. Adjust the holding in to the level s/he feels that they can press one time.

E. Station two spotters - one on either side of the handle - to provide safety for the S.

F. Instruct the S as s/he is pressing the weight, to exhale, & as s/he returns the weight to the starting point, to inhale. This will avoid the Volsalta condition.

G. Instruct the S to press upward once.

H. If the S moves the weight easily, & wants to try additional weight, repeat D, E, F, & G.

I. Record the data.

 

ACTIVITY:

A. Using the data collected, determine the shoulder strengths at 30û, 90û, & 165û of the Ss.

B. Develop a matrix that demonstrates the n, S, R, & µ of the M, & V of the shoulder strengths at 30û, 90û, & 165û.

C. Determine the significance of the difference between the M, & V of the shoulder strengths at 30û, 90û, & 165û.

Ý This isolates the shoulders & does not allow the S to arch her/his lower back.

 

Knee Flexion

NOTE: 1. The muscles to be evaluated in this laboratory are: glutius maximus, glutius, minimus, & biceps femorus.

NOTE. 2. Flexion of the knee will be defined, for the purposes of this laboratory, as movement of the lower leg from 180û to 90û.

 

PROCEDURE:

A. Instruct the S to lie prone on the bench with her/his hands gripping the sides of the bench, & head toward the weights.

B. Instruct the S to under hook the padded foot rest.

C. The angle on the knees & hips should be 180û.

D. Adjust the holding pin to the level s/he feels that they can curl one time.

E. Station two spotters - one on either side of the foot pads - to provide safety for the S.

F. Instruct the S as s/he is to exhale, to curl the weight, & as s/he returns the weights to the starting point, to inhale. This will avoid the Volsalta condition.

G. Instruct the S to bend her/is knees once.

H. If the S moves the weight easily, & wants to try additional weight, repeat D, E, F, & G.

I. Record the data.

 

ACTIVITY:

A. Using the data collected, determine the shoulder strengths of the legs of the S's.

B. Develop a matrix that demonstrates the n, ·, R, & µ of the i, & ks of the leg strengths.

C. Determine the significance of the difference between the i, & ks of the leg strengths.

 

Knee Extension

NOTE: 1. The muscles to be evaluated in this laboratory are: quadriceps, sartorius, rectus femorus, & iliacus.

NOTE 2.Extension of the knee will be defined, for the purposes of this laboratory, as movement in the knee joint from 90û to 180û of knee flexion.

 

PROCEDURE:

A. Instruct the S to sit erect on the bench with her/his hands gripping the sides of the bench, & back toward the weights.

B. Instruct the S to under hook the padded foot rest.

C. The angle on the knees & hips should be 90û.

D. Adjust the holding pin to the level s/he feels that they can extend one time.

E. Station two spotters - one on either side of the foot pads - to provide safety for the S.

F. Instruct the S as s/he is to exhale, to extend her/his knees, & as s/he returns the weights to the starting point, to inhale. This will avoid the Volsalta condition.

G. Instruct the S to extend her/is knees once.

H. If the S moves the weight easily, & wants to try additional weight, repeat D, E, F, & G.

I. Record the data.

 

ACTIVITY:

A. Using the data collected, determine the shoulder strengths of the legs of the Ss.

B. Develop a matrix that demonstrates the n, S, R, & µ of the M, & V of the leg strengths.

C. Determine the significance of the difference between the is, & ks of the leg strengths.

Laboratory 10

Determination of Generated horsepower

References:

Barham, J. N. (1979). Mechanical Kinesioloogy. New York, NY: Mosby.

Fox, E. L. (1981). The phyiological basis for physical education and athletics. New York, NY: Saunders.

 

PURPOSE: The purpose of this laboratory is to determine the generated horsepower via two methods - Sargents' vertical jump, & Margaria-Kalamen stair climb tests.

 

EQUIPMENT: The equipment needed for this laboratory is a calculator, doorway, yardstick, stairs, & electronic timer.

 

PROCEDURE:

1. Sargent's vertical jump. 20

a. In an open doorway, the S stands flat footed in a 16 x 16 in. square.

b. The S reaches as far as possible up above or toward the door jam. If the S does not reach the door jam, measure the distance from the tip of her/is middle finger to the door jam.

c. The S jumps, without moving outside of the square, & reaches as high as possible - the spot is identified. The distance from the reached point to the jumped spot is measured, & recorded.

d. repeat c. three times.

e. the best jump is used for mathematical manipulation.

2. Margaria-Kalamen stair climb test. 2

a. Measure the vertical height (in meters) of the 3rd through the 9th step.

b. place the "start" electronic timing pad on the 3rd step, & the "stop" electronic timing pad on the 9th step. The pads must be taped to the step for the safety of the Ss.

c. All of the S's will start running from a point 10 m. from the 1st step. The Ss will must step on the "start" pad on the 3rd step, the 6th step, & the 9th step. The S can not skip the 6th step.

d. All of the Ss will have five practice runs, & all times will be verbally reported.

e. All of the Ss will take ten trials.

f. all times will be recorded.

g. The best time will be used in all calculations.

3. Determine each of the following for each subject:

a. Horsepower

b. Foot-pounds

c. Watts

d. Joules

e. Vo2

 

ACTIVITY:

A. Using the data collected determine the horse power, watts, joules, & Vo2 of the Ss

B. Determine the n, S, R, & µ of the M, & V of the generated horse power, watts, joules, & Vo2 .

C. Determine the significance of the difference between the is, & ks of the generated horse power, watts, joules, & Vo2 .

Laboratory 11

Determination of Vo2 via Sub-maximal Bicycle Ergometer Test

Reference:

Brown, B. S. (1975). Development of age adjustments for sub-maximal bicycle testing. unpublished research, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR.

 

PURPOSE: The purpose of this laboratory is to determine physiological stress Vo2, heart rate, & blood pressure via the sub-maximal bicycle ergometer test.

 

EQUIPMENT: The equipment needed for this laboratory is a calculator, bicycle ergometer, physiograph, sphygmomanometer, stethoscope, cuff, & electronic timer.

 

PROCEDURE:

1. Pre-test:

a. determine the correct height of the bicycle seat so that the knees of the Ss flex at 160û to 170û.

b. Attach the Bp cuff to the left arm of the S. Measure the Rbp, RHr & record the data.

c. Attach the electrodes at the following locations:

i. White right clavical.

ii. Black left clavical.

iii. Red anterior end of left 8-9 rib.

iv. Ground anterior end of right 8-9th rib.

d. Turn on the physiograph.

e. Turn on the paper.

f. Determine Rhr.

g. Determine the Rbp.

2. Test:

a. Instruct the S to ride the bicycle at 20 Kph

b. Use the following levels & resistances, & times:

Level Resistance Time Activities MFS

1 0 3 min Hr & Bp 1

2 1 (150 Kpm) 3 min Hr & Bp 4th

3 2 (300 Kpm) 3 min Hr & Bp 7th

4 1 (150 Kpm) 3 min Hr & Bp 10th

5 0 3 min Hr & Bp 13th

 

REJECTION CRITERIA

The rejection criteria (reason for not proceeding with the tests) are a resting Hr of over 100 b/min. or greater, respirations of 40/ min or greater, a resting sbp of 177 mmHg or greater, a resting dbp of 100 mmhg or greater, and/or an oral temperature less than 98û, or 99û Ferenhight or >.

 

TERMINATION CRITERIA (Wilson, 1977)

This test will be terminated if the subject requests termination, the development of any condition(s) that are hazardous to the participant, and/or signs of peripheral circulatory insufficiency (pallor, clammy skin, and/or exhaustion).

 

ACTIVITY:

A. Using the data collected, determine the shoulder strengths of the legs of the Ss.

B. Determine a matrix that demonstrates the n, S, R, & µ of the M, & V of the oxygen uptake.

C. Determine the significance of the difference between the is, & ks of the oxygen uptake.

Laboratory 12

Sub-Maximal Treadmill Test

References:

Bruce, R. A. (1969). Stress testing in screening for cardiovascular disease. Bulletin New York Academy of Medicine, 45:1288-1305.

Wenger, N. K. (1989, April). Rehabilitation of the patient with coronary heart disease. Post Graduate Medicine, 85:369-72.

Wenger, N. K. (1989, July). Rehabilitation of the coronary patient. Archives of Internal Medicine, 149:182-6.

 

PURPOSE: The purpose of this laboratory is to determine physiological stress predicted Vo2, heart rate, & blood pressure via the sub-maximal bicycle ergometer test. For the purposes of this laboratory, Sub-maximal is defined as 150 EHR or less.

 

EQUIPMENT: The equipment needed for this laboratory is a calculator, motorized treadmill, physiograph, sphygmomanometer, stethoscope, cuff, & electronic timer.

 

PROCEDURE:

1. Pre-test:

a. Locate bi-laterally the carotid, radial, & brachial arteries of the S.

b. Attach the Bp cuff to the left arm of the S.

c. Measure the BRbp, RHr, & record the data.

d. Attach the electrodes at the following locations:

i. White right clavical.

ii. Black left clavical.

iii. Red anterior end of left 8-9 rib.

iv. Ground anterior end of right 8-9th rib.

e. Turn on the physiograph.

f. Turn on the paper.

2. Instructions for the test:

a. Instruct the S to stand with her/his feet on either side of the treadmill.

b. Start the treadmill.

c. Instruct the S to walk with the Speed of the treadmill.

3. Test protocol:

a. The Bruce consists of a series of predetermined speeds, grads, & times automatically executed in the Quinton computer. These are:

i. Stage one [1] is 1.7 miles per hour at zero percent [0%] grade for three [3] minutes.

ii. Stage one [2] is 2.5 mph at 12%grade for three [3] mins.

iii. Stage one [3] is 3.4 mph at 14%grade for three [3] mins.

iv. Stage one [4] is 4.2 mph at 16%grade for three [3] mins.

v. Stage one [5] is 5.0 mph at 18%grade for three [3] mins.

vi. Stage one [6] is 5.5 mph at 20%grade for three [3] mins.

vii. Stage one [7] is 6.0 mph at 22%grade for three [3] mins.

 

REJECTION CRITERIA

The rejection criteria (reason for not proceeding with the tests) are a resting Hr of over 100 b/min. or greater, respirations of 40/ min or greater, a resting sbp of 177 mmHg or greater, a resting dbp of 100 mmhg or greater, and/or an oral temperature less than 98û, or 99û Ferenhight or >.

 

TERMINATION CRITERIA (Wilson, 1977)

This test will be terminated if the subject requests termination, the development of any condition(s) that are hazardous to the participant, and/or signs of peripheral circulatory insufficiency (pallor, clammy skin, and/or exhaustion).

 

ACTIVITY:

A. Using the data collected, determine the predicted Vo2, heart rate, & blood pressure of the Ss.

B. Determine a matrix that demonstrates the n, S, R, & µ of the M, & V in terms of predicted Vo2, heart rate, & blood pressure.

C. Determine the significance of the difference between the is, & ks in terms of predicted Vo2, heart rate, & blood pressure.

Laboratory 13

Total Serum Cholesterol

Reference:

Pro Act. (1985) Pro act operator's' manual.Indianapolis, IN:Boehtinger Mannheim Diagnostics.

 

PURPOSE: The purpose of this laboratory is to determine the Total Serum Chohlesterol via finger prick method

 

EQUIPMENT: Por Act Machine; Pro Act Cholesterol Test Strip.

 

SUPPLIES: latex gloves; pipettes; and lancettes.

 

PROCEDURE:

1. The subjes will be given verbally description of what will happen. All questions will be answered.

2. The participant will be requested to warm her/is hand to facilitate the flow of blood.

3. The gloved (with disposable latex gloves) researcher will load the automatic lancet device with a new lancet.

4. The area of the finger from which the blood is to be drawn will be the medial side below the finger nail of the non-dominate ring finger half-way between the cutical and the end of the nail. This area will be disinfected with an alcohol swab.

5. The finger will be dried with a clean cotton ball.

6. The finger will be pricked.

7. The first drop of blood will be wiped away to insure the lack of contamination. If necessary the finger will squeezed in a milking fashion to obtain a sufficient amount of blood to fill the capillary to the black line (< 1 dl).

8. After the capillary tube is filled, an alcohol socked cotton ball will be pressed against the wound to stop the bleeding, and disinfect the area. In addition, a bandade will be applied to reduce the chances of infection.

9. The pipetted blood will then dispensed on a Pro Act Cholesterol Test Strip. The strip will then placed in the Pro Act instrument, where the blood is assayed as to the total serum cholesterol content.

10. All materials -- lancet, pipette, cotton balls, and latex gloves -- will be deposited in an apporved container for proper disposal at a later time.

11. The resulting will be recorded in milligrams per decia litter (mg/dL).

 

ACTIVITY:

Using the data collected:

A. Determine a matrix that demonstrates the n, S, R, & µ of the M, & V in terms of Total Serum Chohlesterol.

B. Determine the significance of the difference between the Ms, & V s in terms of Total Serum Chohlesterol.

Laboratory 14

Serum Erythropoietin

 

One of the more meaningful experiments that are available at a relative low cost with some value in relation to the adaptation of the cardiovascular system in relation to cellular respiration is the assessment of the % percentage of hemoglobin available to the system to carry o2 to the various cells. The method employed here is simple and vary basic to ever asked question "Do my workout effect my performance?"

 

PURPOSE: The purpose of this laboratory is to assertain the % per volume of Hemoglobin available to the system

 

EQUIPMENT: Centafuge, and a set of machine calipers.

 

SUPPLIES: latex gloves; pipettes; and lancettes.

 

PROCEDURE:

A. The subjes will be given verbally description of what will happen. All questions will be answered.

B. The participant will be requested to warm her/is hand to facilitate the flow of blood.

C. The gloved (with disposable latex gloves) researcher will load the automatic lancet device with a new lancet.

D. The area of the finger from which the blood is to be drawn will be the medial side below the finger nail of the non-dominate ring finger half-way between the cutical and the end of the nail. This area will be disinfected with an alcohol swab.

E. The finger will be dried with a clean cotton ball.

F. The finger will be pricked.

7. The first drop of blood will be wiped away to insure the lack of contamination. If necessary the finger will squeezed in a milking fashion to obtain a sufficient amount of blood to fill the capillary tube.

G. After the capillary tube is filled, an alcohol socked cotton ball will be pressed against the wound to stop the bleeding, and disinfect the area. In addition, a bandade will be applied to reduce the chances of infection.

H. The pipetted blood will then incerted onto a waxed pad, removed and placed in a pipette centraphuge. When a sufficient number of samples are collected, the samples are centraphuged for five minutes to all the hemoglobine to settle to the bottom of the pipette.

I. Use the machine calipers to measure the total amount of blood in the capillari, the hemoglobine, the hematocarit, and fat. Record all results. Determine the 5 for each.

J. All materials -- lancet, pipette, cotton balls, and latex gloves -- will be deposited in an apporved container for proper disposal at a later time.

 

ACTIVITY:

Using the data collected:

A. Determine a matrix that demonstrates the n, S, R, & µ of the M, & V in terms of Total Serum Chohlesterol.

B. Determine the significance of the difference between the Ms, & V s in terms of Total Serum Chohlesterol.